Describe observational learning and modeling. d. people who avoid responsibility for their lives and decisions live inauthentic lives. Also, long-term hospitalizations are less likely to occur as a result, though the medications do not benefit the individual in terms of improved living skills. I know my grandmother used to. d. disengaged. Most people who receive couple therapy report no real improvement in their functioning. Recognizing the signs that you or someone you love may have a mental disorder is the first step toward getting treatment. Bertha, known in published case studies as Anna O., was expected to complete the formal education typical of upper-middle-class girls, which included foreign language, religion, horseback riding, needlepoint, and piano. Over time, the temper tantrums become more and more common. b. Secondary or conditioned reinforcers and punishers are not inherently reinforcing or punishing but must be learned. 95. Rogers stated that the humanistic therapist should be warm, understanding, supportive, respectful, and accepting of his/her clients. d. It produces a steady stream of low-voltage electricity to the targeted brain areas. In her dream, she panics and looks for her dog everywhere. Cognitive processes cannot be empirically and reliably measured and should be ignored. Resistance and transference are terms most likely used by which model? Consider the following: In relation to men: While mental illnesses affect both men and women, the prevalence of mental illnesses in men is often lower than women. c. explain the connection between religious practices and mental health. If you recognize your worth as a person, Carl Rogers would say that you have developed: a. spontaneity. More specifically, cognitive distortions/maladaptive cognitions can take the following forms: 2.3.3.5. Multicultural theorists would explain the higher levels of mental illness among poor people as MOST likely due to: a. genetic make-up. d. synapses. Cats were food deprived the night before the experimental procedure was to occur. Current multicultural perspectives are MOST likely to focus on the: special external pressures faced by members of a culture. b. self-actualization. a. cognitive-behavioral They protect us from anxiety and operate unconsciously by distorting reality. Lorenzo's therapist frequently reminds him that he has the power to change his situation and that he must take responsibility for his actions. Communication in the nervous system. The rabbit was far enough away so as not to cause distress. a. psychodynamic b. cognitive c. humanistic-existential d. behavioral. a. A behavioral psychologist would say that the temper tantrums result from: Which form of therapy helps clients recognize errors in logic and try out new interpretations of events? Of course, most people do not experience this but instead are made to feel that they can only be loved and respected if they meet certain standards, called conditions of worth. Its a simple strategy, but an important one. Low socioeconomic status has been linked to higher rates of mental and physical illness (Ng, Muntaner, Chung, & Eaton, 2014) due to persistent concern over unemployment or under-employment, low wages, lack of health insurance, no savings, and the inability to put food on the table, which then leads to feeling hopeless, helpless, and dependency on others. As you can learn desirable behaviors such as watching how your father bags groceries at the grocery store (I did this and still bag the same way today), you can learn undesirable ones too. 39. Which statement is TRUE regarding the models of abnormality? What treatments are available to clinicians courtesy of the biological model of psychopathology? The contents of the unconscious could move from the unconscious to preconscious, but to do so, it had to pass a Gate Keeper. What is an important characteristic of group therapy? The drug causes severe vomiting if a person drinks alcohol while taking the drug. b. social factors leading to stress. The following Content Outline provides an overview of the history of understanding psychological disorders, followed by a summary of the major theoretical models used to explain them. b. exposure therapy. 91. Finally, the sociocultural model indicated the role of socioeconomic, gender, environmental, and multicultural factors on abnormal behavior. The sympathetic nervous system is involved when a person is intensely aroused. Hence, we advocate for a multi-dimensional and not a uni-dimensional model. Second, consider the very interesting social psychology topic attribution theory, or the idea that people are motivated to explain their own and other peoples behavior by attributing causes of that behavior to personal reasons or dispositional factors that are in the person themselves or linked to some trait they have; or situational factors that are linked to something outside the person. For more on these techniques, visit http://cogbtherapy.com/cognitive-behavioral-therapy-exercises/. The point where this occurs is called the synapse. Psychopharmacology and psychotropic drugs. In Chapter 2, we first distinguished uni- and multi-dimensional models of abnormality and made a case that the latter was better to subscribe to. 75. A man has cheated on his partner and he feels very guilty, but soon he begins to make excuses, saying that his partner has nagged him for years. We describe these as primary and secondary reinforcers and punishers. size the different models of abnormality and to avoid oversimplifying the complex nature of human problems. b. give insightful interpretations of the clients statements. 2.3.4.1. A psychodynamic therapist would consider this an example of: A patient's initial reaction to being told she has a sexually transmitted infection (STI) is to insist that the nurse made a mistake with the test. The humanistic perspective. The BEST explanation for this trend is that these theories: d. classical conditioning. a. Abnormal behavior arises when we avoid making choices, do not take responsibility, and fail to actualize our full potential. The paradigm, or model, adopted by people in the Middle Ages to explain abnormal behavior was the _____ model. Anne has distant parents, failing grades, and insufficient funds for basic necessities and also develops depression. d. There is no one theoretical approach used in couple therapy. How so? Which statement regarding the outcomes of couple therapy is FALSE? Why is the psychodynamic model difficult to research? So, it is better to subscribe to a multi-dimensional model that integrates multiple causes of psychopathology and affirms that each cause comes to affect other causes over time. The cognitive model made up for an apparent deficit in the behavioral model overlooking the role cognitive processes play in our thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. The charge inside is -70mV at rest. d. existential, 125. d. It is difficult to predict which people who share the same culture will develop a particular disorder. Which statement is TRUE regarding electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)? c. consciousness, unconsciousness, and instincts. d. latency stage. Next, the children are placed in a room with several toys in it. The motivation to form relationships with others is a central theme of: Nari was taking the bar exam and was concerned that she didn't know the answers to many of the questions. a. Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts. They are a means of reprocessing information necessary for survival. A feminist therapist would MOST likely focus on: how prejudice and discrimination impact women. Why is this? David Rosenhan sent pseudopatients to a mental hospital, where they pretended to be disturbed. c. psychodynamic Mindfulness has been shown to be associated with improvements in which of the following? b. psychologically healthy people have more time and energy for religion. Annually, approximately 100,000 undergo ECT to treat conditions such as severe depression, acute mania, suicidality, and some forms of schizophrenia. 46. a. short-term psychodynamic therapy b. psychoanalysis c. traditional psychodynamic therapy d. relational psychoanalytic therapy. The neuron next moves into a relative refractory period, meaning it can fire but needs higher than normal levels of stimulation. In a general sense, a model is defined as a representation or imitation of an object (dictionary.com). This therapy is BEST described as: Your romantic partner of four years ends the relationship suddenly and cuts off all contact. Outline the structure of personality and how it develops over time. c. how prejudice and discrimination impact women. b. overgeneralization. A primary focus of the community mental health treatment approach to abnormality is: Understanding a person's unconscious processes is critical in explaining abnormality. The biopsychosocial model (BPS) was first proposed by George L. Engel and Jon Romano of the University of Rochester in 1977. For more on the role of genes in the development of mental illness, check out this article from Psychology Today: https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/saving-normal/201604/what-you-need-know-about-the-genetics-mental-disorders. c. resistance. d. hormone therapy. c. There is limited research supporting biological causes of mental illness. d. classical conditioning. Exemplify the effect of maladaptive cognitions on creating abnormal behavior. The defense mechanism that BEST explains his behavior is: a. rationalization. The defense mechanism that BEST explains your behavior is: Which model of abnormality MOST closely aligns with positive psychology? It has several structures in common with all cells in the body. There are two forms: classical conditioning, or linking together two types of stimuli, and operant conditioning, or linking together a response with its consequence. d. synapses. First, we cannot pay attention to everything going on around us. A boy believes that he is deserving of love only when he earns good grades. The MOST likely consequence of having acquired conditions of worth is: a. social isolation. This is where assessing information about others comes in and involves the cognitive process of perception, or adding meaning to raw sensory data. d. past traumatic experiences. All of the models include an element of the biological model. 160. Students also viewed PSY 381 Chapter 2 The peripheral nervous system consists of everything outside the brain and spinal cord. Prescribing an antidepressant medication such as paroxetine. Which statement is TRUE regarding the models of abnormality? What is learning? b. behavior-focused therapists. The person in the back could also be shy and prefer sitting there so that s/he does not need to chat with others as much. 114. a. d. transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). a. They are sexual in nature. b. a biological predisposition is the primary factor leading to abnormality. How so? b. existential In this family, the children are also discouraged from asking for advice or seeking support. b. resistance. b. There is no individual model that completely explains human behavior and so each model contributes in its own way. SAD occurs with greater frequency for those living far north or south from the equator (Melrose, 2015). b. 138. a. cognitive-behavioral b. humanistic-existential c. psychodynamic d. cognitive. There is no firsthand experience by the learner in observational learning, unlike enactive. It influences blood pressure, thirst, contractions of the uterus during childbirth, milk production, sexual behavior and interest, body growth, the amount of water in the bodys cells, and other functions as well. They may be positive and include friendly, affectionate feelings, or negative, and include hostile and angry feelings. Before the race begins, she thinks, "I won't be able to do this!" Children who watched the aggressive model behaved aggressively with the Bobo doll while those who saw the gentle model, played nice. Exemplify the effect of attributions on creating abnormal behavior. Primary refers to reinforcers and punishers that have their effect without having to be learned. Eventually the fact that no food comes will extinguish this reaction but still, it will be weird for a bit). According to Freud, another term for the symbolic meaning of dreams is: a. positive transference. Consider your parents for a minute. Gambling disorder is a manifestation of the previously desirable behavior of being a risk taker. Multicultural theorists would explain the higher levels of mental illness among poor people as MOST likely due to: Which group BEST reflects those who may benefit from couple therapy? c. role-playing. Cognitive-behavioral approaches used to treat social anxiety disorder aim to: a. increase positive self-talk and decrease risk taking. However, she went to the restroom to change instead. This process is called counterconditioning, or the reversal of previous learning. If a client is being guided to challenge irrational thinking and to try out new interpretations, the client is MOST likely being treated by a follower of: a. Rogers. 70. Source: https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/index.shtml. 76. A theorist who believes that the multicultural perspective is the correct way to think about abnormality comes from which paradigm? A) cognitive-behavioral B) sociocultural C) psychodynamic D) humanistic-existential B? 33. Humanists would say that an individual who cares about others and who is spontaneous, courageous, and independent is: a. authentic. Neurotransmitters will only bind to their specific receptor sites, much like a key will only fit into the lock it was designed for. By pairing a neutral stimulus and unconditioned stimulus (bell and food, respectively), the dog will learn that the bell ringing (NS) signals food coming (UCS) and salivate (UCR). Gestalt therapy is similar to mindfulness techniques in its emphasis on: a. using I language. 77. In the past, we have conducted trephination and lobotomies, neither of which are used today. Imagine that you subscribe to the sociocultural model of abnormality. First, you can use cognitive restructuring, also called rational restructuring, in which maladaptive cognitions are replaced with more adaptive ones. Biological psychologists or neuropsychologists treat the underlying problems in the. All other toys are allowed, including a Bobo doll. Which of the following is an argument of critics of the evolutionary perspective? Second, we must remember what a model does to imitate it. d. One-fourth of all treated couples eventually separate or divorce. First, the id is the impulsive part that expresses our sexual and aggressive instincts. d. They are unconscious and, therefore, not a factor in conscious experience. Psychology Today published a great article on January 21, 2013, which described four ways to change your thinking through cognitive restructuring.