For non-object-oriented software systems, an Index value below 65 indicates poor maintainability, between 65 and 85 indicates medium maintainability, and above 85 indicates high maintainability [. Implementing the equals method for the before example: Example 3: In the above example, the equals() method is checking if all the values match or not. = minimum, Max. This resulted in several defined variants of the Index. Compare Entry: Entry is a key-value pair. Along with this, we will also learn how to compare two objects in Java with proper examples. To verify the assumptions of normality for the differences between the two groups under study, the ShapiroWilk Test was utilized because the sample size for the data of RQ1 was small (, To answer RQ2.1, a pairwise correlation analysis was carried out between pairs of Index variants to examine the association between variant values. In summary, the key contributions of this paper are: (1) a review of Maintainability Index variants utilized for maintainability measurement in object-oriented software; (2) an empirical investigation on how Maintainability Index variants perform when utilized for the maintainability measurement of a single object-oriented system; (3) an empirical investigation on how Maintainability Index variants perform when utilized for the maintainability measurement of an object-oriented software system in the context of other systems, i.e., other versions of the same software system and completely different software systems. Internally the Sort method does call Compare method of the classes it is sorting. A-143, 9th Floor, Sovereign Corporate Tower, We use cookies to ensure you have the best browsing experience on our website. Despite this, the Index variants without comment parts still tend to be more similar to each other than those without comment parts and vice versa. Based on their characteristics, behavior, and interrelationships, the variants were divided into two distinct clusters, i.e., variants that do not consider code comments in their calculation and those that do. It is believed that a system that is difficult to maintain requires more resources to correct, improve, perfect, and adapt, which raises the overall cost of the software. Conceptualization, T.H. Each of the presented variants represents a slightly different approach to measuring maintainability by capturing different software-related characteristics. Maintainab. Java provides different methods you can leverage to compare two strings in Java. Software code maintainability: A literature review. In, To assess the relationship between Index variants in the context of comparing the maintainability of versions of the same software system, a correlation analysis was conducted for each case study. Available online: Li, W.; Henry, S. Object-oriented metrics that predict maintainability. and B.. and B.. Dubey, S.K. Why to Use Comparator Interface Rather than Comparable Interface in Java? Lets upgrade your function to a deep level: Can you spot the differences comparing to the first version? ; Atkinson, G.G. Syntax: public boolean equals (Object obj) Imagine you have two instances of a Class and you want to find what properties have different value. emp1 and emp2. The original three-metric Maintainability Index (further referred to as. Seref, B.; Tanriover, O. SomeClass) but I can still use a plain vanilla unit testing framework. Using Fake Objects to Compare Real Objects In order to change the way two objects are compared in an assert we only need change the behavior of one of them - the expect value (might. Now, our need is to compare two objects that are the same or not. = average, Med. ; Rachmadi, R.R. This interface is present in java.util package and contains 2 methods compare(Object obj1, Object obj2) and equals(Object element). ; project administration, B.. No special Lavazza, L.; Abualkishik, A.Z. The equals () method is used to compare objects according to their content. How to compare two objects in Java - StackHowTo Java 8 - Comparison with Lambdas | Baeldung most exciting work published in the various research areas of the journal. In Proceedings of the 8th European Conference on Software Maintenance and Reengineering, Tampere, Finland, 2426 March 2004; pp. Comparing Two Objects Using Assert.AreEqual() - DZone All articles published by MDPI are made immediately available worldwide under an open access license. This is also the case with the aforementioned studies, as the choice of the variant used for the maintainability measurement of object-oriented software varies across them. If the two objects are equal according to the equals() method, then invoking the hashCode() method on these two objects must produce the same integer value. For objects, you either use a compareor a compareTomethod instead. Most of the time, we want to compare the actual values inside the objects. Performance of maintainability index prediction models: A feature selection based study. Published at DZone with permission of Dror Helper, DZone MVB. https://www.mdpi.com/openaccess. ; Sari, E.M. Naturally, it is to be expected that maintainability assessment based on different variants computed using different equations may yield different results when subjected to the same software. Finding the Differences Between Two Lists in Java | Baeldung interesting to readers, or important in the respective research area. 9099. Every class in java has one parent class that is Object class and it has equals () method to compare two any objects. If we assigned a to b, then we would have a different result: Integer a = new Integer ( 1 ); Integer b = a; assertThat (a == b).isTrue (); In Proceedings of the 27th International Workshop on Software Measurement and 12th International Conference on Software Process and Product Measurement, Gothenburg, Sweden, 2527 October 2017; Association for Computing Machinery: New York, NY, USA, 2017; pp. On the other hand, equals () method compares whether the value of the strings is equal, and not . Elish, M.O. As an example, you have a List of Employee Objects and you need to check that all your Employees are above 18. We can compare two HashMap by comparing Entry with the equals () method of the Map returns true if the maps have the same key-value pairs that mean the same Entry. ; data curation, T.H. Future efforts could also be invested in investigating and determining the Index threshold levels for object-oriented software. [. Please do not add any spam links in the comments section. Enjoy unlimited access on 5500+ Hand Picked Quality Video Courses. Parewa Labs Pvt. Keep reading to see how hard it is and how you can take advantage of it to improve your coding skills. Available online: Verifysoft Technology. In this case, the result of the comparison is false. The resulting visualization seen in, Instead of the manual identification of groups, to more accurately determine the similar groups of the Index variants, clustering on the Pearson Correlation Coefficients was performed. Oregon Workshop on Software Metrics. Ren, Y.; Xing, T.; Chen, X.; Chai, X. In the Employee class, we have defined two fields regno of type int and name of type String. Several aspects can impact the softwares maintainability, including the codes complexity, the softwares size, and the presence of documentation and comments that help describe the code. Or you just simply want to hone your JavaScript coding skills? To answer RQ1 and RQ2.1, the most recently released version at the time of conducting the experiments for each of the 45 software systems under study was used. We use cookies on our website to ensure you get the best experience. We can override the equals() method in the following way if we want to provide own implementation. Finally, How to compare and sort the List of employees using the Collections.comparing() method. The Maintainability Index is frequently used as a single-valued measure for estimating the overall maintainability of software, taking these aspects into account in different ways through various Index variants. Hayes, J.; Patel, S.; Zhao, L. A metrics-based software maintenance effort model. Available online: Molnar, A.J. To compare two elements, it asks Which is greater? Compare method returns -1, 0, or 1 to say if it is less than, equal, or greater to the other. Object-Oriented Software. Kaur, L.; Mishra, A. Software maintenance is a phase in the software life cycle that refers to modifications of a software system after delivery, aiming to provide support to the system [, Maintainability is an external quality attribute. In addition, it would be valuable to examine the Index variants for maintainability assessments at levels other than the system level (i.e., packages, classes) since this study focused only on examining Index variants at the overall system level. To answer RQ1, an evaluation and analysis of the gathered data were performed for one version of each included software system, focusing on the differences between the Index variants. 121124. Next, focusing on identifying any significant differences between the variants, the pairwise differences between Index variants were assessed. Therefore, extra caution should be taken when using the Index variants for more specific assessments instead of general ones. Java Object class is the super class of all the Java classes. 759768. Based on their maintainability measurement characteristics, the Index variants can be divided into two distinct clusters containing variants that are more similar to one another: Index variants without considering code comments and Index variants that include code comments in their computation. One major threat to external validity is related to the software systems on which the research is based, including sample size, selection bias, and subject characteristics. ; visualization, T.H. Java Program to Compare two Boolean Arrays, Java Program to Compare two Double Arrays, Compare two strings lexicographically in Java, equals() and deepEquals() Method to Compare two Arrays in Java. [. Inferential statistics were employed to determine if there was a statistically significant difference in the maintainability measurements of the two Index variants. Although numerous measures have been proposed in the literature for assessing software quality factors, few studies have focused on comparing the Index with other maintainability or software quality measures. 568573. And now imagine a test in which thatSomeClassis the result of your unit tests what assert would you write? The authors declare no conflict of interest. Moreover, when comparing the maintainability of software systems using different variants of the Index, very similar outputs can be expected for all variants without the comment part and all variants with the comment part. 16. In this short tutorial, we'll solve this using Gson, a JSON serialization\deserialization library that can do a deep comparison between JSON objects. The next threat to internal validity is related to the methods of data analysis used. ; Ojha, A. Join our newsletter for the latest updates. [. Murthy, A.R.C. As the result, JSON.stringify(person3) === JSON.stringify(person1) is false and JSON.stringify(person3) === JSON.stringify(person2) is false. Misra, S.C. https://doi.org/10.3390/app13052972, Subscribe to receive issue release notifications and newsletters from MDPI journals, You can make submissions to other journals. Furthermore, this study identified some research gaps and suggested some possible directions for future research efforts. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Contemporary Computing, Noida, India, 1719 August 2009; Springer: Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany, 2009; pp. = median, Std. ; Yiit, T. Energy Efficiency Analysis of Code Refactoring Techniques for Green and Sustainable Software in Portable Devices. When comparing two software systems based on their maintainability assessments from different Index variants, if one software is easier to maintain than the other according to one variant, it is very likely that the same holds true according to any other variant. 2021. about unit testing have heard about the one assert per test rule. ; formal analysis, T.H. and Get Certified. How to Compare Two Objects in Java? [. To answer RQ1, descriptive statistics were initially used to describe the values of each Index variant and to gain a general understanding of the distribution of the data. String is immutable in java. Madhwaraj, K.G. Then, we will compare the objects by using the BeanComparator by calling its compare () method. JSON Compare - javatpoint We have stored the hash code value in the variable a and b, respectively. [, Some studies have compared the well-established Maintainability Index variant with alternative software quality measures with the aim of validating new measures. Comparing Java Objects - HappyCoders.eu To address these threats, our research relied on a version of 45 different software systems and all versions of 3 software systems, a sample generally larger than that in related work. [. A systematic and comprehensive investigation of methods to build and evaluate fault prediction models. C4 Software Technology Reference Guide-A Prototype, Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences. Although different variants presented different values when subjected to the same software, their values were strongly positively correlated and generally indicated similarly how maintainability evolved between releases and over the long term. Compare Two Simple JSON Objects Let's begin by using the JsonNode.equals method. In Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Advanced Computing and Communications (ADCOM 2007), Guwahati, India, 1821 December 2007; pp. Were in fact testing oneSomeClassthat happen to have two properties. One or more elements from. JavaTpoint offers college campus training on Core Java, Advance Java, .Net, Android, Hadoop, PHP, Web Technology and Python. Compare two Strings in Java - GeeksforGeeks Empirical comparison of two metrics suites for maintainability prediction in packages of object-oriented systems: A case study of open source software. The selection was random, and our selected subjects represent a heterogeneous group of software systems in terms of software characteristics, including size, complexity, code documentation, maturity, and domain of use. The rest of the paper is structured as follows. If anyone of these properties values are not the same then it returns false. Sawilowsky, S.S. New effect size rules of thumb. = standard deviation. Now all I needed to do is to compare thefakeExpectedwith the actual result from the test. ; Oman, P.W. One of the theoretical implications of this study that could be further exploited in software-engineering-related research is the insight into the characteristics of the evaluated variants when applied in different contexts, which was gained through the empirical evaluation and comparison of different variants of the Index. By changing the return value inside the compare method, you can sort in any order that you wish to, for example: For descending order just change the positions of a and b in the above compare method. Approach: Take inputs in the list. const obj1 = . [. In Java, the == operator compares that two references are identical or not. Vijaya; Sharma, S.; Batra, N. Comparative Study of Single Linkage, Complete Linkage, and Ward Method of Agglomerative Clustering. Using JSON.stringify. And also how equals() and hashcode() method are used widely in the Collection API. Ideally I would have liked to write the following test: Unfortunately it would fail. x holds the same value as we have passed in the equals() method. Mark X is used to indicate the inclusion of a software metric for the computation of a specific Index variant. Learn to code interactively with step-by-step guidance. Although there are differences in the values produced by different variants of an Index used to measure software system maintainability, the variants tend to behave similarly when comparing maintainability between systems. Maua, G.; Galinac Grbac, T. Co-evolutionary multi-population genetic programming for classification in software defect prediction: An empirical case study. Misra [, The evolution of the initially proposed Maintainability Index into numerous variants has resulted in a varying usage of Index variants in the context of maintainability assessment. Note: For BeanComparator, commons-collection and commons-logging jar files need to be included. And who is better in changing behavior of objects in tests than your friendly-neighborhood mocking framework? Using compareTo () method Using compareToIgnoreCase () method Using compare () method Method 1: using == operator Double equals operator is used to compare two or more than two objects, If they are referring to the same object then return true, otherwise return false. toString() method is to print the values of the object. 2. 2021. Kaur and Singh [, Although there are some similarities with the existing work, the lack of a comprehensive approach to comparing multiple variations of the Index makes our work the first of its kind in the field. The newEqualswould returntrueifMyIntis the same in the two objects. (string1 == string2) it returns 0. if (string1 < string2) it returns a negative value. Guide to Implementing the compareTo Method | Baeldung There are several Index variants that differ in the factors affecting maintainability (e.g., code complexity, software size, documentation) and their given importance. To explore the variants and understand how they compare when evaluating software maintainability, an experiment was conducted with 45 Java-based object-oriented software systems. whether they are the same object or not. Ive also created the new fake usingWrappingso that the original methods on the class would still be called I really care aboutToStringwhich I would override to produce a meaningful assertion message. 1996-2023 MDPI (Basel, Switzerland) unless otherwise stated. ; Foreman, J.; Gerken, M. GitHub. All systems studied were open-source and based on the Java programming language. Opinions expressed by DZone contributors are their own. Method 2: Using comparator interface- Comparator interface is used to order the objects of a user-defined class. [. Java Program to Compare Two Objects - GeeksforGeeks Determ. As first, you think the obvious way to compare two objects is iterating the list of properties and then comparing their values. Method 1: One obvious approach is to write our own sort() function using one of the standard algorithms. Schober, P.; Boer, C.; Schwarte, L.A. 2021. We will be creating two objects and set the first object to "BMW" and the other object to "AUDI". It returns true if the objects are equal, else returns false. In the following example, we have created constructor of the Double and Long class and passes corresponding values, as an argument that stored in their objects, respectively. A variety of data analysis methods (i.e., descriptive statistics, hypothesis testing, correlation analysis, multidimensional scaling, cluster analysis, and trend analysis) were used to answer the research questions, which allowed us to evaluate and compare the consistency of several variants of the Index in measuring the maintainability of object-oriented software systems on a large and diverse set of Java software in different contexts. Comparing Objects in Java | Baeldung In terms of practical implications, software practitioners can use the results of this research to guide their selection of the most-appropriate Index variant for assessing the maintainability of their software systems in an efficient and effective manner.