8. Furies were goddesses of vengeance. Vase painting showing Heracles and Iolaus fighting the Hydra, in the manner of the Princeton Painter (ca. Random Thoughts (author) from Chennai, India on August 15, 2019: @Moondog - The list is not ordered in any priority as that would be very hard to determine. This number was probably the most popular one in antiquity. London: Penguin, 1955. The alternate version of this myth is that after cutting off one head he then dipped his sword in its neck and used its venom to burn each head so it could not grow back. The problem with this theory is that the Heikegani crabs, which have a maximum length of 1.2 inches, are too small to be eaten, so it is unlikely they were ever caught for food in the first place. According to Greek mythology, the Chimera is a fire-breathing, female monster from Asia Minor. This is an interesting bad movie that has a cult following. Godzilla fights and defeates Ebirah, a giant crab. The Sphinx is a monster present in both Greek and Egyptian mythology portrayed as having the head of a human and the body of a lion. What could possibly go wrong? Hera informed Zeus about his actions, and he decided to test her story. Kappas have a small pool of water suspended above their head, signifying their life force and habitat. [17], In some traditions, Hera sent a giant crab to help the Hydra in its fight with Heracles. Zurich: Artemis, 1990. He proposed the fishermen fishing Japans waters would throw back any crabs whose shells looked like a samurais face out of respect for the fallen heike. Early Greek Myth: A Guide to Literary and Artistic Sources. Ovid: There are very brief references to the Hydra in Book 9 of Ovids Metamorphoses (ca. Haha 3 of these art peices are magic the gathering card art. You've heard the tales of Bakunawa, the giant serpent who attempts to swallow the moon. In her despair, she became as gruesome as her outward appearance. While the two were fighting, Hera sent Carcinos, a giant crab that also lived in the area, to help the beast. Answer: No. The Mythology Behind The Cancer Constellation Explained The crab is pushed into a pit of volcanic boiling water and cooked. Attack of the Crab Monsters (1957) - A group of scientists travel to a remote island to discover what happened to a previous expedition that disapperared without a trace. (LogOut/ Pausanias, Description of Greece 2.37.4 = Peisander, frag. Terrifying as they are, banshees actually mean well and only want to help families prepare for the death of a loved one. Kapach, A. This was the Hydras ultimate revenge: in the end, the monster was able to defeat Heracles after all.[19]. Fearsome determination to bring down ships and to never let go. All of these creatures are mysterious and amazing in their own way. (Video), Egyptian Authorities Push Back on Cleopatra Portrayal. They are often represented as ugly, winged women with serpents in their hair (much like Medusa). How about man-sized giant land crabs that roar like lions and kill everything they can get their claws on. Typhon was a serpentine giant and the most deadly creature in Greek mythology because, in addition to being a monster, he was also a god. One time the Sun, becoming angry at the star, cut him up into small pieces and scattered him over the whole sky just as a woman scatters rice, and ever since there have been many stars. Secretive and capable of sudden attack. Eratosthenes, Catasterisms 11.13.16; Hyginus, Astronomica 2.23. It is just a collection of dangerous mythical creatures. Lamia is the saddest of all she cant even close her eyes. 100 Greatest Mythological and Legendary Creatures - Owlcation Answer: No, they are all creatures from different mythologies. Finally, Heikegani crabs are not the only crabs with a human-looking face on the shell. In Western cultures, they are usually described as winged, four-legged reptiles capable of flying and breathing fire. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996. Perseus eventually gave Medusa's severed head to Athena, but not before using it to turn a few of his enemies to stone first. Heikegani: The Samurai Ghost Crab Introvert Japan, The Heikegani Crabs and the Problem with Pareidolia Martin J Clemens, Heikegani: The Samurai Crab Japan Powered, Samurai Crabs: Transmogrified Japanese warriors, the product of artificial selection, or pareidolia? The cyclops can also be called as giants here. She fled to Africa, where young snakes dropped from her hair. Its name means "river child." Mythical and Fantasy Creatures Pausanias, Description of Greece: A second-century CE travelogue; like Strabos Geography, an important source for local myths and customs. 16. Both the Hydra and the crab were transformed into constellations after their deaths: the Hydra became the constellation Hydra, while the crab became Cancer.[18]. 6. A maze, on the other hand, is multicursal. A Visual Tour (Video), Behind the Scenes of Ancient Greece: Exploring the Daily Life of its People (Video), Trove of Ancient Artifacts Discovered in Paestum Include Dolphin Statuette of Eros, TheiaGreek Goddess of Light, the Sun, the Moon, and Wisdom, Greeces East Attica In Antiquity: Playground Of Gods, Heroes And Heroines, A Face to the Legend: The Quest to Reconstruct Cleopatra's Look (Video), Aspasia - The Real-Life Helen of Troy? The ruling Taira clan (Heike), was led by their child-Emperor, Antoku, and his grandmother. Graf, Fritz. [13], The battle between the Hydra and Heracles was no accident. Heracles and Carcinus Carcinus was a monstrous crab of unknown parentage who appeared during the second Labour of Heracles, the killing of the Lernaean Hydra. When the people on earth, who are fond of the Moon, see the crab near her, they run out of doors and shout and beat on gongs until he is frightened away, and thus the Moon is saved. One of the victims of Heracles poisoned arrows was the centaur Nessus. Today, it remains one of fictions most popular sea monsters, appearing in movies like Pirates of the Caribbean, Clash of the Titans, and Game of Thrones. An unfortunate side effect is that all the sea creatures, including some large crabs, become killer zombie animals. The belief in giant monsters swallowing the moon, and the wild efforts to frighten themaway, are very widespread. While Bakunawa may be the mostpopular moon-eating giant in Philippine Mythology, he is certainly not the only one. Cancer became associated with the crab thanks to Greek mythology, and Theoi says that Karkinos the giant crab gets a shout-out in works by ancient authors like Plato and Eratoshthenes. Pixiu, strong winged lions that protect Fengshui practitioners. The common speculation is that not all mermaids could sing and the ones that could were the sirens (who lured sailors to their doom). The Kraken may be lazy, but with his size, he couldnt fail to be powerful. [11] Even the smallest contact with the Hydras blood could be fatal; Heracles used this to his advantage by dipping his arrows in the monsters blood after he had killed it. Question: What about giants as mythical creatures? On the island they find several giant creatures, including a crab. A variety of crabs from the family Dorippidae all appear to have human faces on their backs. Question: Do you think that Percy Jackson (as in the movie) was Poseidon's son and if yes, was he a god or a mere human being? This legend was the origin of the common phrase "between a rock and a hard place," used to express the idea of being stuck between two equally unpleasant alternatives. Like the Kraken, they are bottom-dwellers who feed mostly on fishalthough sperm whales often bare scars from their toothy tentacles. squid or in some cases a giant crab. Each creature is deadly in its aspects. In Greek mythology, Geryon ( / drin / or / rin /; [Note 1] also Geryone; Greek: , [Note 2] genitive: ), son of Chrysaor and Callirrhoe, the grandson of Medusa and the nephew of Pegasus, was a fearsome giant who dwelt on the island Erytheia of the mythic Hesperides in the far west of the Mediterranean. She used to be a beautiful maiden, but then Poseidon raped her in the temple of Athena. The Hydra: The Complete Guide to the Multi-Headed Serpent - MythologySource With his whirlpool-making and ship-swallowing abilities, the Kraken is certainly a dangerous beastbut, unlike other sea monsters, he isnt particularly interested in hunting humans. Answer: The Phoenix is an amazing creature. Finally, Oedipus answered her riddles correctly, upon which the Sphinx killed herself. Question: Shouldn't dragons be higher on your list of dangerous monsters? Answer: Giants are a generic term for huge creatures of human like appearance. Antoku came to be worshipped as Mizu-no-kami ("god of water). Gods cannot be considered as mythical creatures. Ancient Greek Mythology - The Fourth Sign of the Zodiac - The Story of 20. https://mythopedia.com/topics/hydra, Avi Kapach is a writer, scholar, and educator who received his PhD in Classics from Brown University. All monsters potentially affected by the split from the OGL Bad Traveling is an episode of Love Death + Robots (2019), an anthology collection of animated short films. Anyone who answered incorrectly was eaten. He is said to be the father of Cerberus, Hydra, Chimera and dangerous winds (typhoons). Mojin: The Worm Valley (2018) Adventurers seek the Tomb of Emperor Xian on a remote island. He has many adventures, including a run-in with a giant crab. We know this because stories of moon-eating giants spawned all over the world without the help of Hinduism. When he wakes to an empty stomach, he heads up towards the oceans surface, bringing mighty ripples with him. Rose, H. J. The peptide GsMtx-4, found in the venom, has been studied for possible use in cardiac arrhythmia, muscular dystrophy, and glioma. 11. Poseidon had gifted Minos with a Cretan bull that was supposed to be sacrificed, but Minos kept the bull instead of sacrificing it. According to Hesiod's Theogony, there were three CyclopesArges, Steropes and Brontesborn to Uranus and Gaea. Stories about kappas invariably reference their capability to keep promises, which they only lose if tricked into bowing their head and causing the water above their head (their life force) to spill. The hero Joel battles a giant crab that is controlled by an evil gang of survivors. Hera, upset that Heracles had slain the beast she raised to kill him, placed it in the dark blue vault of the sky as the constellation Hydra. Medusa was the only mortal of the three Gorgon sistersMedusa, Stheno, and Euryale. Space Probe Taurus (1965) The crew of space probe Taurus has several adventures, including a visit to a water world where they are menaced by not-very-menacing giant crabs. 2 West. Although the origins for these giant crabs may not be so mythological or made up as crabs have a rare ability is that they don't really die from old age if protected and in the right environment they can keep growing. But worse still, anyone who dared look her in the eye would be turned to stone. She ran very fast until she was some distance ahead of him, when she grew tired and he almost caught her. Symbol or Attribute: Tentacles. Peng (mythology), a mystical giant bird of the ocean. Fooled by the ruse, Ixion raped Nephele. He molded the clouds into a nymph named Nephele who resembled Hera and laid it near Ixion. 3. Some banshees are considered to have strong ties with families, in fact, some believe that each family has a banshee. Note: Chiron was considered to be the wisest and justest of the centaurs, but unlike them, he was the immortal son of the titan Cronos and the nymph Philyra. While the Hydra may have symbolized a very specific fear in the original myth, it remains one of the most frightening monsters in mythology because it reminds us still of a fear we could one day face . Question: Why isn't the kelpie on this list of dangerous mythological creatures? 18. He did this so that she could rest, as she could not close her eyes. An Inspirational Courtesans Tale, Was Anne of Cleves Too Ugly for King Henry VIII? The Lost Continent (1968) The passengers and crew of a tramp steamer become stuck in a huge fog-enshrouded bed of seaweed in the middle of the ocean. See Georgia Kokkorou-Alewas, Herakles and the Lernaean Hydra, in Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae, Vol. The Samurai Crab. To take his vengeance, he occasionally attempts to swallow the sun or moon causing an eclipse. Though the Hydra was (as far as we know) always imagined as a many-headed creature, there was no consensus as to the exact number of heads or its other attributes and abilities. Ancient Origins 2013 - 2023Disclaimer- Terms of Publication - Privacy Policy & Cookies - Advertising Policy -Submissions - We Give Back - Contact us. But each time Heracles cut off one of the monsters heads, he discovered, to his horror, that several new heads grew back in its place. U SAVED ME SENPAI!!! Ancient authors claimed that the creature haunted a spring named for Amymone, a daughter of Danaus and a lover of Poseidon, until it was finally killed by Heracles. The Mythology of Cancer - The Hidden Myth Behind the Zodiac Sign Two times a day for forty days, he would taunt the Jews into battle. TAMBANOKANO: The Giant Crab, Mandaya Folklore ), but while Typhon was confined below Mount Etna after challenging Zeus, Echidna and her children were spared in order to challenge future heroes (six of whom Heracles would go on to best or kill). The Ch'ol Maya use a beverage created from the tarantula Brachypelma vagans for a condition they term 'tarantula wind', the symptoms of which include chest pain, asthma and coughing. Dante created his own version of the harpies in his Inferno. Their goal is to turn Earth into a giant farm to raise their giant lobster-like livestock called Gargons. The Sacrifice First ones from the return to ravnica set, second from Theros, and third from Khans of tarkir. In these cases, the Kraken can be ferocious and merciless, tearing the ship to splinters without any regard for human life. (Aphroditeoft depicted as emerging lustrous from a wave of sea foamwas actually born from the "foam" of the same castration.). In Greek mythology, the first description of them as loathsome and treacherous creatures appeared in the legend of Jason and the Argonauts. Any ship who spots these ripples must flee or face destruction. She ate anything that ventured too close, including six of Odysseus's men. Everyone eventually escapes with the help of Captain Nemo who has a base on the island. The ancient civilization of Greece is a historical period that has long been a subject of fascination and intrigue. So that's why they call it a kappa roll! Jordan recently oversaw the editing for the English language release of Ferdinand Blumentritts DICCIONARIO MITOLGICO DE FILIPINAS (Dictionary of Philippine Mythology) and is working on two more releases with fellow creators scheduled for release later this year. When he moves, he can create whirlpools that suck ships to a watery grave. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013. He shows up during the labors of Herakles, when the demi-god is fighting the Hydra. At the turn of the eighteenth century, the Kraken began to be relegated to works of fiction. The film received an Academy Award nomination for best special effects (but didnt win). Charybdis, most likely the personification of a whirlpool and just a bowshot away from Scylla, would drain and subsequently expel the waters all around her three times each day, creating a fatal obstacle for any seamen passing through the strait. Italian Fresco of Odysseus's Boat Passing Between Scylla and Charybdis (circa 1575). Hinduism evolved the moon swallowing beastsinto pantheistictales of vengeance, filled with adversaries and even love. Those that were not slain in battle, committed suicide by drowning themselves along with their emperor. Question: Is a unicorn just a horse with a narwhal horn? Heikegani is a species of crab native to Japan, with a shell that bears a pattern resembling a human face. After all, mythology is storytelling at its finest. The Kraken is usually described as a giant squid or octopus-like creature, but it has also been described as crab-like. Were theonlyPop Archaeology site combining scientific research with out-of-the-box perspectives. A far more plausible theory is that any resemblance of a human face seen in the shells of the Heikegani crabs is the result of pareidolia, the human brains innate ability to recognize faces and human forms in a set of random stimuli. Ettins being specifically 2-headed giants is 100% a D&D invention, so Paizo . I am sure you are familiar with his legend which states that he was born in a manger surrounded by shepherds, What's your favourite Fairy Tales (and their possible origins), What Did Ancient Greece Really Look Like? 8 CE). Drawing of a Kappa From the Handscroll Bakemono no e, Brigham Young University, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons. Living in a giant seashell within the realm's depths, Tamatoa is known as a "beady-eyed bottom feeder," a social reputation he greatly despises. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013. Change). There has been a newer theory that Unicorns were actually long hair Rhinosaurus that lived up North similar to how a Mammoth was in relation to an Elephant @ ironically theyre skulls along w/ Mammoths have been mistaken for Cyclops skulls because of the breakdown of the trunk and horns leave a centered hole looking as if it housed a huge eye in a skull belonging to a hunched giant .. Well sorry to umm dislike one thing.Could you keep this kid appropriate cuz' kids might be readin dis. 22. He is about to kill the crab but recognizes its intelligence and spares it. They encounter a giant crab. Pareidolia is the brains innate ability to see faces in a set of random stimuli. Is the Kraken a Greek Monster? - ThoughtCo The earliest descriptions of the Kraken dont give away too much information. List of legendary creatures from China - Wikipedia Cacus: Fire-Breathing Giant (Roman Mythology) 37. The story goes that the Heike samurai, reincarnated into the Heikegani (Heikeposis japonica) crab, were showing their allegiance to their clan by donning a fierce mask on their shells. Answer: True, there is a lot of ambiguity when it comes to Sirens and Mermaids. The Arena Media Brands, LLC and respective content providers to this website may receive compensation for some links to products and services on this website. After the Kraken digests a round of fishwhich can take up to three monthshe recycles the waste, spewing out so much vomit or excrement that the water around him is muddied and turbid. It may sound disgusting, but, this muddiness is said to be very agreeable to the smell or taste of other fishes, [and] they gather together from all parts to it, and keep [] directly over the Kraken: He then opens his arms [] seizes and swallows his welcome guests, and converts them, [] by digestion, into a bait for other fish of the same kind.. We seek to retell the story of our beginnings. Hydra. Published online 20002017. Kraken - Legendary Sea Monster | Mythology.net The Konungs Skuggsja elaborated on its appearance and feeding habits. Awful humanoid creatures. This hunting method is so effective that ancient Nordic fisherman sought out the Kraken, braving his wrath to get in on the bounty of fish who swarmed above him. Note: The term "chimera" has now been used to describe any mythical creature which has parts from various animals. 13. In Greek mythology, the Sphinx was considered to be a woman and had the wings of a bird (and often the tail of a serpent). Penghou, a tree spirit. Medusa was finally slain by Perseus. Once the water is spilled, they lose their supernatural powers. List of films featuring giant monsters - Wikipedia A Handbook of Greek Mythology. The ending leaves it unclear if the the colony will ever be able to return to civilization. [Public domain], via Wiki. 10 Jaw-dropping Engineering Marvels of the Inca Empire, Pompeii Unveiled: Discovering the City's Most Amazing Secrets (Video), The Truth Behind the Christ Myth: Ancient Origins of the Often Used Legend Part I, Library in Stone: The Ica Stones of Professor Cabrera Part I, Two Sides to Every Story: The North American Martyrs Shrines and Indigenous/ Roman Catholic Relations, The Origins of the Faeries: Encoded in our Cultures Part I, Curse of the Buried Pearl: The Hunt for Ancient Treasures Part I, The Enigma of the Shugborough Inscription. Here are ten of my favorites. Here I have compiled a list of 20 of the most dangerous mythological creatures and their folklore. Apollodorus wrote that the Hydras middle head was immortal. Attack of the Crab Monsters: 1958 United States giant crabs Attack of the Giant Leeches: 1959 United States Giant leech Attack on Titan: 2015 Japan giants / Titans The Avengers: 2012 . The story of Cancer is of loyalty and sacrifice. Question: Are the gods that lived on earth, mythical creatures? They are supposed to have a humanoid face, tortoise beak and shell and scaly skin. 2. The centaur or hippocentaur is a legendary creature from Greek mythology. Learn more about our mission. This Japanese film features a giant stone crab named Ganimes. One could say that dragons are the most famous of all mythological monsters, and they continue to appear in various fantasy shows and movies even now (like The Hobbit and The Game of Thrones, for example). The 20 Most Dangerous Monsters and Mythological Creatures What Are the Similarities and Differences Between Beltane and Walpurgis Night? PARENTS Nowhere stated CLASSICAL LITERATURE QUOTES Seneca: There are references to the fall of the Hydra in Senecas tragedy Hercules Mad (first century BCE/first century CE). His mother and grandmother followed him in their grief. Please log in using one of these methods to post your comment: You are commenting using your WordPress.com account. These Asian stories were spread through trade withthe expansion of the Indianized Kingdoms. One day he became angry at the Moon and started to chase her. Image source . By bringing together top experts and authors, this archaeology website explores lost civilizations, examines sacred writings, tours ancient places, investigates ancient discoveries and questions mysterious happenings. The Hydra is here depicted with eleven headsa number not attested in any literary sources. The kappa is an imp or demon in Japanese folklore. One of the aliens, Derek, falls in love with an earthling Betty, and he sacrifices himself to destroy the invasion fleet. In areas of Mindanao, there is Minokawa, a giant bird-like being. At one point, a group of giant fiddler crabs attack a village. Herakles and the Lernaean Hydra. In Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae, Vol. The two crabs are killed by explosives and electrocution. Echidna: Monster that was half-snake and half woman referred to as the "mother of Monsters" (Greek Mythology) 35. Diodorus of Sicily, Library of History 4.11.56; Ovid, Metamorphoses 9.62ff; Apollodorus, Library 2.5.2. Though most people use these terms interchangeably, they have different meanings. (LogOut/ Aquarium of the Dead (2021) Scientists give some chemicals to a sick octopus in an Aquarium. 416 BCE). 5 Pagan Traditions That Will Leave You Spellbound (Video), Hidden in Plain Sight: The Pterodactyl of New Guinea. 2. The Heike had ruled for many decades, but now, massively outnumbered, they faced defeat at the hands of the Minamoto. Watch segment from Cosmos: A Personal Voyage about the legend of the Heikegani crabs: Featured image: The Ghost of Taira Tomomori by Utagawa Kuniyoshi depicts The ghost of Taira Tomomori along with the anchor he drowned with, and heikegani with faces of fallen soldiers. [18] According to the most familiar version of the myth, Heracles found the Hydra in its swamp near Lerna and attacked it with the help of his nephew Iolaus. This monstrous duo packed a real punch for anyone sailing the Strait of Messina. Scylla was one of Lamia's only children who escaped, but she was also turned into a monster. These were the weapons used to destroy the Titans. Ogden, Daniel. The Heikegani crabs can be seen in the lower half of the painting. April Holloway is a Co-Owner, Editor and Writer of Ancient Origins. 77 - 80 (trans. If Heracles love for Deianira ever wavered, said Nessus, she could sprinkle some of the blood on Heracles clothing and it would renew his affections. (2021) Waste from a nuclear power plant in California mutates horseshoe crabs. A Visual Tour (Video). Its blood and even its breath were poisonous. Literary representations of the Hydra began to appear around the same time, starting with Peisander in his lost epic the Heraclea (late seventh century BCE). 1. They sing sorrowful, haunting songs filled with love and concern for the families. Pearson Scott Foresman [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons. Privacy Settings Etsy uses cookies and similar technologies to give you a better experience, enabling things like: basic site functions ensuring secure, safe transactions secure account login These include creatures such as the Centaur (Horse-Man . Only two people escape the creature and make it back to the surface where they are rescued. The Minotaur was a half-man, half-bull monster in Greek mythology. Panther Girl of the Kongo (1955) This is a 12-part serial. They are known for being stunningly beautiful and leading sailors astray onto rocky shoals. The thanapod is intelligent, can communicate, and is hungry. 1545). Question: Are the creatures described in this article real? Dan-no-ura marked the beginning of seven centuries, in which Japan was ruled by warriors and Shoguns instead of Emperors and aristocrats. By the mid-thirteenth century, naturalists had begun looking into the legend. Their male counterparts are called mermen. The Lernaean Hydra is a water monster from Greek mythology. MYTHICAL MONSTERS. His wings were so wide that they blotted out the sun, and fire flashed from his eyes, striking fear even among the Olympians. A direct-to-stream sci-fi-horror-comedy film that isnt too bad to watch, depending on your mood at the time. Labyrinths are unicursal, meaning they have a single entrance/exit and one non-branching path. The kappa resembles a frog or a monkey the size of a 10-year-old child. According to Japanese folklore, the Heikegani crabs contain the souls of the Heike samurai warriors who were slain at the Battle of Dan-no-ura in 1185 AD, a war over the Japanese imperial throne. Mothra forces Godzilla to leave, and the terrorists are beaten and the villagers are saved. Giant Fish - A pair of giant fish; one long and blue with cyan bioluminescent spots, and the other larger and green with purple bioluminescent spots. Apollodorus, Library: A mythological handbook from the first century BCE or the first few centuries CE with references to the myth of the Hydra. We're all familiar with these famous one-eyed monsters, but what's the real story behind them? Why wouldn't my friends and family believe that I had seen a unicorn? But have you heard of the gargantuan crab named Tambanokano (also spelled Tambanakaua)? The expedition was studying the effects of radiation due to atomic testing never a good idea in 1950s science fiction movies. Today, Homer's race of violent and dimwitted Cyclopesthe most famous of which was Polyphemus, who attempted to eat Odysseus and his creware far more well known. Flesh-eating Echidna, the wife of fearsome Typhon, was half woman, half serpent. Crabs! Remember how Perseus used Medusa's severed head to take out a few of his enemies before gifting it to Athena? LERNAEAN HYDRA - Nine-Headed Serpent of Greek Mythology - Theoi On 24 the April, 1185 AD, the two powerful Samurai clans fought to the death on the Dan-no-ura bay of Japans Inland Sea. Thegoal of Ancient Origins is to highlight recent archaeological discoveries, peer-reviewed academic research and evidence, as well as offering alternative viewpoints and explanations of science, archaeology, mythology, religion and history around the globe. They are not proven to be real. Also known as the Erinyes, the Furies were the cthonic goddesses of vengeanceoften inflicting madness or disease on their victims. Accessed on 28 Apr. The Kraken was first described in 1180 by no less than the king of Norway.
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