Salt, Henry, Seventy Years Among Savages (London, 1921) p. 141 By the mid-1960s, Amchitka Island was being used a site for nuclear testing, which eventually killed many sea otters in the area. Ormond, Richard, Sir Edwin Landseer (London, 1981), pp. Although its founder Edward Hulton was a Conservative, the publication was politically left leaning and its editors Stefan Lorent and Tom Hopkinson took an anti-fascist stance. The Daily Mail, for instance, received several telegrams from masters of otter hounds opposing Coleridge's criticism and justifying their sport. In 1901 Coulson had written that: Some of the clergy revel in it the very men who pose afterwards as the expounders of high morality.Footnote 51. In 2010 a painting normally considered too upsetting for modern tastes which while impressive was also undeniably gruesome was displayed at an exhibition of British sporting art at the Bowes Museum, Barnard Castle. 14 This allowed broader questions to be raised by the publisher and campaigner Ernest Bell (18511933). 61. The League for the Prohibition of Cruel Sports also publicised isolated malpractices to strengthen their argument. As otters were removed during the hunting years, there was a large decrease in the catches of fish species from the eelgrass habitats. He wanted society to step back and reconsider the moral distinction between wild and domestic animals. Sea otters were hunted to near extinction during the maritime fur trade of the 1700s and 1800s. When urchin populations spiked in response, the reefs held their ground. "During the fur trade, Clathromorphum persisted through centuries where urchins presumably abounded," Rasher said. "However, the situation has drastically changed this time around. Instead as Collinson argued, the hunting and worrying of otters while caring for their offspring proclaimed only the insensate cowardice of the men and women concerned.Footnote Throughout the essay he applies the term to a number of situations to discredit the idea that animals are killed for public safety, natural history, protection of farmers or sporting exercise.Footnote and Coleridge won the audience at the meeting over to his case. In 1923 he diverted his attention to blood sports. Captain T. W. Sheppard, Decadence of Otter Hunting, The Field, 20th October 1906, 658. Syse, Karen Victoria Lykke, Otters as Symbols in the British Environmental Discourse, Landscape Research, 38 (2013), 54052CrossRefGoogle Scholar. I do not find this in the least hard to believe.Footnote A barrister by profession, Coleridge who hated cruelty in all its formsFootnote Bell was sentenced to one month's imprisonment with hard labour and John Church, the Hunt's Whip, received half that sentence. and the sunshine of May. 8 My object is only to insure that this Institution shall fulfil the great purpose for which it was founded.Footnote Staged at Colchester's North Railway Station, on this occasion members of the Colchester Working Group were the chief agitators and the Eastern Counties Otter Hounds the agitated. British Sporting Art, Bowes Museum, Barnard Castle. feel thankful that the Masters of the various packs of otter hounds do not share this opinion.Footnote for this article. 41. They were joined by English and American hunters in the latter part of the century, and uncontrolled hunting continued until 1799. Bates wanted to reclaim the otter from this minority for the British public. Johnston condemned otter hunting and urged the government to give the mammal legal protection in his 1903 publication British Mammals. A selection of letters was then published under the title, Should Otters Be Hunted? The first letter, by Reverend Joseph Stratton, argued that men were judged in relation to their treatment of animals. Otter 50 It is quite clear from the applause with which my remarks have been received that the subscribers of the Society do wish to hear me. artificial At its centre an exhausted hunter holds an otter aloft over a pack of baying otterhounds. The public profile of otter hunting was raised by the publication in 1927 of Henry Williamson's Tarka the Otter: His Joyful Water-life and Death in the Country of the Two Rivers. WebIn 1741, Russians began hunting sea otters. How to Get Rid of Otters in a Pond - Wildlife Animal Control After some lively verbal exchanges between the Huntsman and League members, the Branch Secretary Mrs Chapman attempted to address the crowd by standing on a chair. Rather than focussing solely on the incident, they redirected their attention to the public's response to it. Brought up as a sportsman and still a keen angler, this well-known Northumberland country gentleman and Justice of the Peace was a staunch and fearless friend of animals.Footnote 62. Mackenzie, John M., The Empire of Nature (Manchester, 1988), p. 33 They were then handed leaflets. Now, what nonsense this is!Footnote 70 1 76, There is a real sense that women should have had the emotional authority to know better.Footnote Second, he felt that as he had bought the cats they were his own property and third, he argued that it was less cruel to use a cat than a badger as worrying the latter badly injured the dogs.Footnote Ernest Bell, The RSPCA, The Animals Friend (1906), 169170; Reverend Joseph Stratton, The Abdication of the R.S.P.C.A., The Humanitarian, August 1906, 59. This was the month when the Barnstaple cat-worrying case was in the public eye. Has data issue: false Prior to the maritime fur trade which began in the late eighteenth century, sea otters ranged from Japan, north through the Aleutian Islands and down the Pacific coast of North America to Baja California (Barabash-Nikiforov 1947). socially, much of society still subscribed to the Victorian notion of womanhood. Again this article was accompanied with a striking photograph of several ladies holding banners (Figure 3). George Greenwood made a similar observation in the 1914 publication, Killing for Sport: Men and, good heavens! 72. 66. George Greenwood, Chapter 1: The Cruelty of Sport, in Henry Salt, ed., Killing for Sport (1914), p. 6. Their aim, to enforce the principle that it is iniquitous to inflict avoidable suffering on any sentient being, was tied to both the criminal law and prison system, and the prevention of cruelty to animals. 79. He presented the case for his unauthorised but friendly amendment at the Egyptian Hall, Mansion House. (Cheers.) Bell-Irving, David Jardine, Tally-Ho: Fifty Years of Sporting Reminiscences (Dumfries, 1920), p. 120 Members of the League for the Prohibition of Cruel Sports were also outraged by this murderous behaviour and equally critical of the Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, but they had a slightly different response to the event. From The Field for 18th June 1910 came a report that: Too many bitches are killed at this time of the year (June), the dog otters making themselves very scarce. 21 The incident was widely reported and horrified the public. L. C. R. Cameron, Otters and Otter-Hunting (1908), cited in Collinson, The Hunted Otter, p. 6. Kean, Hilda, The Smooth Cool Men of Science: The Feminist and Socialist Response to Vivisection, History Workshop Journal (1995), 40:1, 1638 9. Throughout the period campaigners repeatedly pointed to this subject as proof of the inconsistency and heartlessnessFootnote Nothing daunted, she returned at nightfall to the yard and once more endeavoured to free her cub, but with no better result than before. In his opinion everyone had a right to enjoy this animal in its natural surroundings, not just otter hunters. He did however come to the conclusion that their conduct had been reprehensible.Footnote 88. A fortnight after this event, on 13th May 1931, the second reported demonstration against otter hunting generated a rather more hostile response. This may have been because the facts were incomplete or because the figures seemed to speak for themselves. Otter hunting involves the harrying of females heavy with young, the destruction of mothers in milk, the lingering starvation of a number of suckling cubs, and a heavy death roll and the the aggregate of animal suffering caused is necessarily great.Footnote 14. This carry on as normal sentiment was initially broadly endorsed, but could not be sustained by all. Added to this, the physical characteristics of the otter meant that the final worry, much like the preceding pursuit, could be more prolonged and more of a spectacle than in hunts of other animals. 38 The opinion of H. E. Bates provides an insight into one person's perception of the immorality of hunting otters to death. 58. The Guardian, 9th May 2010. 57. 33 It was not until July 1928 that the age was lowered to twenty-one. . The men then lit some cotton waste, smoked out the otter, and pelted it with stones. 71. Although Collinson made a point of exposing these figures, he did not comment on them in any way. WebWhich of the following critical values should the scientist use for the chi-square analysis of the data? Wright, Catherine Ernest Bell, The Barnstaple Cat-Worrying Case, The Animals Friend (1906), 43. Inside there is a six page pictorial feature, Hunting the Otter, written by Douglas Macdonald Hastings. Tichelar, Michael, Putting Animals into Politics: The Labour Party and Hunting in the First Half of the Twentieth Century, Rural History, 17 (2006), 21334, 219CrossRefGoogle Scholar; see also As otters were removed during the hunting years, there The otter is impaled on a barbed hunting spear and is about to be flung down for the hounds. 59. Izaak Walton, The Compleat Angler: Or the Contemplative Man's Recreation (1653), Chapter 2. Pring, Geoffrey, Records of the Culmstock Otterhounds, c. 17901957 (Exeter, 1958), p. 35 He reported that in certain otter hunting regions such as Wales, Devonshire, and Sussex, the otter was being rapidly extinguished by the actions of unreflecting, red-faced, well-meaning, church going, rate-paying persons on the plea that it eats salmon or trout. 47. In the Aleutian Islands, a massive and unexpected disappearance of sea otters has occurred since the 1980s. The cause of the decline is not known, although the observed pattern of disappearances is consistent with a rise in orca predation. Sea otters give live birth. Glorying over being blooded at an Otter Hunt, http://www.henrysalt.co.uk/friends/colonel-coulson. Otters 9, In this paper we consider the ways campaigns against otter hunting were carried out in the period 1900 to 1939. Hale, Matthew And as to the women, they evidently have no sense of shame, or pity, for the torture these poor little creatures undergo.Footnote It is pleasant to read that after such heroic conduct on the part of the poor beast, the hunter's heart softened and the whelp restored.Footnote Why Otters Are Endangered? - Earth and World 2022 48. After retiring from the army he devoted much of his time to lecturing in schools across the country about the fair treatment of animals. Hostname: page-component-75b8448494-knlg2 WebA scientist designed an experiment to test an. . 10 This echoed broader concerns for non-human animals. River Otter 3. 74. 49. Moreover, the intimacy of otter hunting meant that not only are they present at these infamous scenes, but, like the huntsmen, are worked up to the wildest pitch of excitement and moreover join in the final worry and the performance of the obsequies, when the spoils of the chase are distributed.Footnote Figure 2. It argued that if it were necessary, otters should be cleanly killed, i.e. If anyone interpreted this anecdote with a smidgen of sentimentality, as a narrative of a protective mother rewarded for her heroic conduct with the release of her whelp, the harsher realities of such freedom were instantly put into perspective with a quotation from L. C. R. Cameron: Resentment at disturbance of the normal conditions impels her to leave her couch in which she has laid her cubs; the promptings of the maternal instinct compel her to return forthwith to her offspring. something like twelve thousand otters have been killed in England for the purpose of fun. to gratify the anglers craze.Footnote The first issue in 1939, for instance, sold 1,350,000 copies. 54 WebOregons sea otters disappeared in flash of destruction, as one small part of an ocean-spanning fur boom driven by demand for their lush pelts. Bates wrote this chapter on the basis that he liked otters but, despite living within a mile of a river valley, had never seen one in the wild. On 4th April 1928, for instance, several daily newspapers reported that an otter had been stoned to death by fifty working men in Workington. Leeds Women Protest at an Otter Hunt, Cruel Sports, August 1935, 59. Figure 4. Colonel W. Lisle B. Coulson, The Otter Worry, in Henry Salt, ed., British Blood Sports: Let us go out and kill something (1901), pp. Drawing his facts from The Field of 8th October 1910, Collinson explained that the Eastern Counties Otter Hounds had recorded a total of twenty-two otters, the Border Counties accounted for twenty-five, and the Hawkstone finished with forty. In these terms the iconic image of Varndell could be seen as positively publicising the face of otter hunting. 4. Hunt Otters Google Scholar. 69 In February 1918 the Representation of the People Act gave all women over the age of thirty the right to vote. Answered: Crab Sea Slug Algae on Eelgrass | bartleby But Bristow-Noble emphasised that we should. [22] In 1957 the treaty was finally re-drafted to account for the population changes in the various locations of sea otters. This opposition to the Bill was surprisingly effective. 3.84. The passage not only stresses the moral inconsistency of the public, it also underlines the hypocrisy of sportsmen. Here Bates presents a very personal and very committed attack on otter hunting in a style of writing quite unlike his own. 60. 46. 14364Google Scholar; 33. What humbugs we are!Footnote Unlike the working men who may have regretted the spontaneous event, sportsmen not only celebrated their own form of killing; they had created organisations that expected it to occur on a regular basis. 86 He denounced otter hunting as the lowest-down pastime that has survived into the twentieth century. Still, if I am ruled out of order I will resume my seat. This idea is reinforced by the fact that the two members of the audience who stood to offer their support were both members of the Humanitarian League. The following year, the Fur Seal Treaty was signed and although the After only two months, the pressure on the Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals proved too much and in July 1906 Animal World announced that the committee was not prepared to take any action on the motion moved by Stephen Coleridge with regard to otter hunting. In his view, otters were more visible than fish and therefore their lives were more valuable: the time has come when active steps should be taken to promote the preservation of the otter, a creature far more beautiful, wonderful and obvious than any fish.Footnote of compassion, love, gentleness, and universal benevolence, the Humanitarian League clearly set itself apart from other reform oriented bodies. Published online by Cambridge University Press: The last known native sea otter in Washington state, Larson said, was shot in 1910 near Willapa Bay. For this reason, Bates believed that all animals, whether wild or domestic, should have the same legal rights. How to Get Rid of Otters? (Helpful Guide and Quick Facts) Douglas Macdonald Hastings, Hunting the Otter, Picture Post, 22nd July 1939, 5256, p. 52. During the period 1969-72, 89 sea otters were translo-cated to British Columbia; 59 otters were released in Washington in 1969-70. . WebThe otters were then protected by the international fur seal treaty, which banned sea otter hunting. At night, in company with her other cub, she came to the yard and tried to liberate the little captive, but without success. Demonstration at a Meet of the Bucks Otter Hounds. Coulson compared the death of the fox with the death of the otter to emphasise the cruelty of the latter. 23 The social image being constructed is of a group of people who are not just morally right, but are more decent than the hunters, who are by contrast portrayed as disreputable, aggressive and shameful. With no utilitarian reason for killing, the hunted otter was simply something killed for fun. This act of individual defiance was, however, soon silenced by the laughter of the unreceptive audience. Total loading time: 0 Considering Johnston's establishment position and his enthusiasm for hunting in the Empire, this was a powerful request. The 1911 pamphlet attempted to shed light on the overall death roll of otter hunting. Recognising that such causes may be dismissed as sickly sentimentality, the League made a point of stressing that their underlying principles were not merely a product of the heart. The recent exposure in Devonshire, where a master of otter hounds was sentenced to imprisonment. He also pointed out that Geoffrey Hill of Hawkstone had killed 544 otters between 1870 and 1884, and that William Collier of Culmstock had also accounted for 144 between 1879 and 1884. The word fun is the binding theme in Bates argument. 26 The object of this society was to create a sound public opinion on the destruction of wild animals throughout the British Empire, especially Africa, and establish game reserves.Footnote . Varndell had mastered the Crowhurst Otter Hounds since 1905, and had missed only four days hunting in thirty-five years.Footnote This reversal shows that the campaigning did have an impact, albeit a small one, on the public perception of the activity. View all Google Scholar citations shot but they felt that many otters were preserved for hunting, a shameful blot on our civilisation. 84. 61 Coulson, Otter Worrying A Protest, The Humanitarian, August 1908, 61. Destruction: The Maritime Fur Trade - Elakha Alliance Six weeks later, on 9th September, the magazine's editor revealed that many readers had taken umbrage with the article, and invited further correspondence on the subject. hasContentIssue false, Copyright Cambridge University Press 2016. Human involvement is, rather, glorified as an imperative of command over nature, perfectly conveyed in The Otter Hunt.Footnote There is no danger, no risk, absolutely no excuse for this form of baiting except the insensate one of a lust for blood.Footnote . 60. Finally the author of the original article, J. C. Bristow-Noble, responded resentfully that On behalf of some of these daughters of Eve, I have now to state that it is of their opinion that the quarry, as is frequently the case, should always be allowed to escape. 11. Another aspect of otter hunting that attracted critical attention was the type of people involved and the behaviour it induced. 22. Otter reintroductions were common during this time. Promoting the humane principles. The latter is probably more in keeping with the prosaic style of the pamphlet. Sea otters were locally extinct in British Columbian waters in Canada, until a plane containing a romp of otters arrived and set off a population boom with unintended consequences.
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