Madrid: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientficas, 2003. "Social banditry" is a term invented by the historian Eric Hobsbawm in his 1959 book Primitive Rebels, a study of popular forms of resistance that also incorporate behaviour characterized as illegal. The other French bandit-hero of the eighteenth century, Robert Mandrin (17241755) In his Contrat social (social contract; 1762) the French philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau singled out the Corsicans in Europe as the one people fit to produce just laws. [38], Similarly, small groups of local bandits could also end up joining larger groups of rebels. Most bandits in Corsica saw themselves as victims; they spoke about their "disgrace," "destiny," and "fate" (poveru disgraziatu). These portrayals affected how bandits were perceived and legitimated, even allowing them to legitimate themselves. Unlike pre-political social bandits or self-serving guerrilla bandits, political bandits had a consciousness of and loyalty to a larger political movement. Florence, 1977. Create a text document there and call it bandit (not bandit.ini not Bandit, it has to be bandit ). In Spain, Sicily, Greece, and Corsica (and, on the other side of the Atlantic, in Latin America), bandits became important literary, as well as operatic and iconic, subjects. Bandidos somos y en el camino andamos: Bandidaje, caminos y administracin de justicia en el siglo XIX, 18211855: El caso de Michoacn. Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture. The late medieval legend of Robin Hood, who robbed the rich, switched clothes with beggars, and helped the poor, was popular not only in England but also in the rest of Europe for hundreds of years. The following analysis focuses on this important category, where among other things causation has been carefully studied. Carrington, Dora. Bandits were portrayed in texts as outsiders and hence dangerous, as residues from the past and hence ambiguous, or as insiders and hence admirable. They exhibited little loyalty and switched sides according to their assessment of the best potential profit. the so-called haiduks were men of the people who stood against the hegemony of foreign rulers and the exploitation of the poor by the nobility. What does the name Bandit mean? Through the destruction of animals or other property of the offender, or even the killing of some other person, a surrogate victim is created. Bandit definition, a robber, especially a member of a gang or marauding band. Synonyms for Group Of Bandits (other words and phrases for Group Of Bandits). In modern usage the word has become a synonym for "thief", hence the term "one-armed bandit" for gambling machines that can leave the gambler with no money.[1]. Therefore, be sure to refer to those guidelines when editing your bibliography or works cited list. Bandits in Peru, Mexico, and Argentina operated in a similar fashion. [CDATA[ That power can also be manifested in the paradoxical expressiveness of silencethe unspoken stories that say it all. In Europe banditry assumed its most important forms in rural societies, particularly in Mediterranean regions and particularly as property relations changed in the eighteenth to nineteenth centuries. Thus peasant complicity might be either active or passive but equally significant in both cases. His Italian counterpart was Marco Sciarra, who controlled the countryside around Rome in the 1590s. Cowboy's Glossary of Terms - People & The Land All rights reserved. The victim was therefore defined taxonomically. Ming China was largely an agricultural society and contemporary observers remarked that famine and subsequent hardship often gave rise to banditry. Brigands with a Cause. A group of swordsmen are called bandits. Banditry can be seen as a continuum from the camel raiding Bedouin, through the "noble bandits" of the nineteenth-century Greek Klephts, to contemporary armed autonomist groups (such as Chiapas in Mexico or Kurds in Turkey or Chechen fighters against Russian intervention in Chechnya) labeled as "bandits" by the state. Exploring food, architecture in Costa Rica - Trinidad and Tobago Newsday Guerrilla popular uprisings (casting "banditry" as an expression of the struggle for freedom) against outside despotism in Corsica in the mid-eighteenth century, and Greece in the early nineteenth, caught public imagination. Not all of those creatures are particularly social or hang out in groups, but for those that do, youre treated to schools and fevers. One example was Gao Yingxiang, who started as a mounted bandit in Shaanxi and later became an important rebel leader in late Ming. Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. Bandits are seen as beyond the pale of "civilized society," a symptom of the low level of development of the countryside, a problem impeding progress and thus meriting swift, equally brutal, suppression by the army or police, without much regard to the constitutional human rights the modern state claims to protect. Robbed from the rich and corrupt like monks & local magistrates and gave to the poor. But piracy is a much more universal phenomenon. This extracurricular raiding and pillaging was indistinguishable from piracy as defined above. Feuding, Conflict, and Banditry in Nineteenth-Century Corsica. But although they have been victimized by the elite, the rural poor have not remained passive victims. In banditry, as in feuding, from which it in part derives, personalized violence is crucial and finely graded; the intensity of violence, however distasteful to a modern sensibility, suggests a form of control. Bandits were natural men, outside time, but nevertheless potential lawmakers. A hares group is known as a husk, but the more used term that people would use is a drove of hares. In banditry, women usually functioned as supporters and links with the outside world. Terms of venery is the more official phrase for what we know as collective nouns, nouns of assembly, or names for groups of animals. More than most other social phenomena, the characterization of banditry depends upon how it is approached. Bande armate, banditi, banditismo e repressione di giustizia negli stati europei di antico regime. What is a group of bandits called? - wisdom-qa.com However, if you ever see a bunch of birds and cant identify the species, you can always refer to them as a flock without much issue. In nineteenth-century Greece, ex-Klephts such as Theodoros Kolokotrnis used their memoirs to glorify themselves. Similar views were initially entertained by Byron about the Greek Klephts. What are the 4 bandits names? In Sicily, such support was forthcoming from mafiosi (local men of authority who often engaged in illegal activities and protection rackets) or local politicians. New York, 1937. Danker, Uwe. Political banditry was evident in independence-era Cuba, early-twentieth-century Cajamarca, Peru, and the Colombian Violencia of 19451965, which left between 100,000 and 300,000 people dead. 4 Encyclopedia Britannica [13] They had posed such serious threat that special police attention was given to them and failure to arrest them on time incurred severer punishment (further information on Ming justice system can be found in History of criminal justice). Encyclopedia.com gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the Modern Language Association (MLA), The Chicago Manual of Style, and the American Psychological Association (APA). These charismatic leaders were not only skilled in fighting and riding but also possessed material and social capital. In Archivio Storico per la Calabria e la Lucania 42, Rome, 1975. Over 70 percent of the world is covered in water, so you can imagine that its home to a ton of different species. The Tale of Hong Kiltong Siewert Flashcards | Quizlet From the perspective of the modern nation-state, bandits (or brigands, a term more popular in the nineteenth century) are criminals who resist the civilizing power of the state through violence, brutality, extortion, theft, and protection rackets. In Sicily mafiosi were actively involved in the risorgimento (the nineteenth-century movement for Italian unification), backing the adherents of Giuseppe Garibaldi and managing to wrest effective control of landed estates from the absentee Sicilian aristocracy. Equipment Looters can spawn with in battle. As Paul J. Vanderwood has shown, the marginalized rural poor fomented disorder, including bandit attacks, and profited from the resulting conflict. Rabbits can be called colonies, fluffles, herds, warrens, or nests when in a group, depending on the context. Novelists (such as Edmond About and Prosper Mrime) traveled to remote places in Greece and Corsica, for example, to ground their texts in direct experience and observation. Most of the historical sources on bandits are the words of army or police officers charged with ridding the countryside of such "sores" or "plagues" and are thus highly partial. Lsebrink, Hans-Jrgen, ed. Balboa Navarro, Imilcy. Bandits did not necessarily belong to the peasantry; they often belonged to those groups who sponsored or controlled the production of (often) literary symbols. About, Edmond. Thus activities by bandits that had political implications (such as violence that kept the peasants cowed and docile) were often perceived as personal at the grass roots and hence of only limited concern, except to the participants. What about female bandits? Spanish bandits of this period operated in many parts of the country, especially in Catalonia, Valencia, Murcia, and Castile. Tullian and eleven of his associates were ultimately caught and executed. In casual conversation the words pirate, buccaneer, and corsair tend to be used more or less interchangeably. https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/banditry, J "Banditry Wilson, Stephen. In addition to the MLA, Chicago, and APA styles, your school, university, publication, or institution may have its own requirements for citations. Then, copy and paste the text into your bibliography or works cited list. In its archaic form, venery is a noun that means the sport or act of hunting game beasts; the chase. This comes from the Medieval Latin word venaria, meaning beasts of the chase, game.. Ortalli, Gherardo, ed. In postindependence Greece Klephtic heroes figured prominently in nationalist rhetoric. ed. Economic self-interest also motivated many nineteenth-century bandits, as in Cuba's La Habana Province, where they consciously pursued their own personal gain in an opportunistic fashion. While banditry as an outcome of social instability has declined in most of Europe, thanks to firmer policing and changes in military recruitment and policies toward veterans, echoes persist, for example in the formation of criminal groups in the wake of the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1989. He and his gang invaded isolated farmhouses, terrorizing and torturing the female occupants into giving up their valuables. [21] Also, policies and conditions in the Capital Region provided opportunities for soldiers/bandits to dodge governmental punishment. The Uskoks of Senj: Piracy, Banditry, and Holy War in the Sixteenth-Century Adriatic. Robber bands, however, as well as vagabonds and gypsies traveling in groups of varying sizes, were both more incalculable and more dangerous. By 1930, the total bandit population was estimated to be 20 million. BANDIT | English meaning - Cambridge Dictionary [19] Another report of 1489 attested that soldiers had raided in Henan province. In Anglo-American folklore Dick Turpin (17051739) is the English counterpart of Cartouche. All other bandit-heroes are much more recent, many of them living in the early modern period. Banditry | Encyclopedia.com "Genuine" banditry always seems to have existed in the past, never in the present. [35] His gang of bandits eventually grew into a rebel army and Deng conducted attacks on the government in Fujian. Its meaning has changed across time and across disciplines. But for them, too, it is clear that the structure of their gangs was decisively shaped by people who had a permanent address. But bandit myth, like most myth, expresses only half-truths. But more informal kinds of banditry occurred in other settings. After the selection and killing of the victim, whether the original offender or a surrogate, the body was often mutilated to underscore the significance of the act of revenge. For an analysis of banditry, it may be useful to steer a middle course, borrowing from the various perspectives that treat bandits as primitive social rebels (as Hobsbawm does), as individual opportunists, or as the co-opted henchmen of rural potentates (as Blok does). Ithaca, N.Y., and London, 1992. Over time, certain populations picked those words up and ran with them. A gang made up of outlaws and lawmen in the American Old West. Stories that circulate about the bandit or mafioso often constitute an essential part of his power. Throughout the early modern period, especially in the seventeenth and eighteenth century, affluent travelers and merchants as well as peasants and farmers were afraid of banditry. That eventually expanded to include creatures that werent hunted (like bugs), and usage that spread beyond just hunters. [30] Other than escaping to difficult terrains, powerful bandits used their connections with high-standing figures in the capital to negotiate safety. He vows to continue his activities in order to avenge her death, but still manages to have a good time doing so. However, if you're in doubt, you can always stick with herd or group. Local elites, not the peasant masses, generally provided the support, material assistance (food, arms, clothing), hiding places, and intelligence needed by bandit gangs. Souna is soon rescued by Garami, an Arms Peddler who sells weapons to clients wishing to buy guns. He was betrayed by a friend and was killed. Robbery, kidnapping, and murder all qualify as piratical activities, provided there's some water and a boat involved. This was the case in Corsica, southern Italy (Calabria), and Sicily in the early nineteenth century, when the British supported their "chivalrous brigand-allies" against the French. Political banditry often required outside support to be successful. In the early seventeenth century the most famous Spanish bandit was Perot Rocaguinarda. In addition to a desire for economic gain, personal and familial conflict drove some men to banditry. Argentina's rural poor identified with the persecution suffered by legendary gauchos like Juan Moreira and Martn Fierro. Ithaca, N.Y., 1994. The term corsair is tied to the Mediterranean Sea, where, from roughly the late 14th century to the early 19th century, the Ottoman Empire dueled with the Christian states of Europe for maritime supremacy. Gilbert M. Joseph, "On the Trail of Latin American Bandits: A Reexamination of Peasant Resistance," in Latin American Research Review 25, no. Bracewell, Catherine Wendy. Insects, bugs, those many-legged creatures theyre all around us. Fears of banditry of this sort surfaced in 1789, during the French Revolution, and helped trigger rural risings. Another way to say Group Of Bandits? Runaway slaves or maroons sometimes became highwaymen, stealing from travelers to survive. [26], The career nor the identity of a bandit was permanent. Sign up for our weekly newsletters and get: By signing in, you agree to our Terms and Conditions Since the nineteenth century there have been two discourses on banditry, intimately tied with the nation-state and its imaginative geography. Hobsbawm, E. J. Bandits. 2 vols. LOCATION: central and western part of the Balkan Peninsula (Southeastern Europe) , Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Croatia, Kosovo, "Fascism" was the ideology of the movement that, under the leadership of Benito Mussolini, seized power in Italy in 1922 and held power until the All, The independent (and sovereign) political community. Click the answer to find similar crossword clues . Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison. Encyclopedia.com. [22] This was especially troubling when soldiers lived physically far from their superiors: when soldiers committed robbery, civil officials had no jurisdiction nor power to apprehend them. They thus shifted their wealth into land, their pastoral backgrounds proving particularly useful both in co-opting bandits and in suppressing peasant unrest. They might move from the outside to the inside or vice versa. In the late nineteenth century Corsican bandits liked to present themselves as "Robin Hood" figures. First, many bandit gangs emerged before the process of sugar plantation expansion began. However, in some cases it proves difficult to distinguish between ordinary bandits and politically minded heroic outlaws, fighting against the oppressor. Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture. a group of bandits | English examples in context | Ludwig Discourse on and about bandits in society indicates a great deal about that society and its power relations. A person who engages in banditry is known as a bandit and primarily commits crimes such as extortion, robbery, and murder, either as an individual or in groups. The use of privateers allowed states to project maritime power beyond the capabilities of their regular navies, but there were trade-offs. Either they became symbols of betrayal by more powerful vested interests, or the violence of their executions, and the disassembly of their bodies as public spectacle, demonstrated the irrepressible power of the state over the individual. Top Ten Wild West Gangs Including the Outlaw "three-fingered Jack" "Banditry Banditry could be a tactic of rural elites as well as the rural poor; outlaw networks often cut across class lines. Passive complicity consisted of a series of unconnected individual acceptances of the status quo and served to conceal illegal violent acts. However, in half of the German gangs studied by Uwe Dancker, wayfaring people (among them ex-soldiers, beggars) were overrepresented. In central and eastern Europe and in the Balkans, it was found in the countryside, in specific conditions (such as following wars and massive dislocations) and in specific periods, especially in the late eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, when the modern nation-state was emerging. Comeche, Juan Antonio Martnez, ed. They are much like traditional knights, only they're a whole group, they've never been knighted and aren't members of nobility. Europe, 1450 to 1789: Encyclopedia of the Early Modern World. Following their restoration in 1815, the Neapolitan Bourbons, rulers of Sicily, attempted to abolish feudalism and enclose common holdings, sub, Serbs But betrayal to agents of the state was always a grave danger, unless the individual was protected by powerful interests. In many societies, such as in southern Spain, Sicily, Greece, and the Balkans, banditry had a predominantly agro-pastoral base. Violent retribution was "justice," a private affair not to be reported to the state. Revenge in kind is threatened by the family who made the initial slight. 2023 LoveToKnow Media. Banditry employed a set of moral codes drawn and indistinguishable from kinship-based ideas of justice and retribution; hence a reaction against banditry was often impossible because it conflicted with the moral codes that regulated traditional society. The persistence or decline of banditry depends upon a complex interplay of variables, including the social structure and political ecology of a particular region; the nature and distribution of property and capital accumulation (whether landed or movable and precarious, such as livestock) and the means available to legitimate it; the presence or absence of trust and its relationship to the development of civil society; underdeveloped electoral processes, which may encourage strong-arm tactics; and the predominance of permanent insecurity rather than permanent misery at the grass roots, the former being more conducive to banditry. Clearly, bandits had an interest in encouraging the interpretation of their actions as personal and personalizing rather than political. As a legalistic and political-social category, banditry is formed by the impact of the state on local communities, and its meanings have changed across time to reflect these changing relationships. Most animal studies emphas, Paramilitary Groups. If you see some of them in a group, they might be referred to as a gang or a pack. Le roi des montagnes. Bandits required protection in order to survive; otherwise they were quickly killed by the landlords' retainers, the police, or the peasants. SOES Bandits Definition - Investopedia Chicago, 1935. Instead of blithely accepting bandit images from folk legends and literature as fact, scholars must use them as lenses for viewing peasant cultures. ." Few romanticized bandits actually lived the heroic, idealized lives attributed to them in popular culture or in Hobsbawm's social bandit model. Over time, the buccaneers attracted a multinational mix of adventurers and scoundrels, and they migrated to Tortuga, an island off the coast of Hispaniola, in 1630. To compound matters, official government sources often purposely blur the distinction between bandit and revolutionary. DROVER: Term commonly used in the 1870s and 80s for a working cowboy engaged in trailing longhorns to market or a new range. Banditry, then, can be an expression of mass discontent, a means of achieving a political agenda, or a yearning for economic betterment. If you cover your face with a bandanna, jump on your horse, and rob the passengers on a train, you're a bandit. It operates between the state-imposed system of law and social order on one hand and the local system of vengeance and grassroots conceptions of justice on the other. His letters and broadsides show a clear political agenda, not typical of Hobsbawm's social bandit. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Explained: The bandits operating in Nigeria, who kidnapped 150 On occasion, economic self-interest and political rebellion came together, as in the case of guerrilla banditry. He identifies multiple important factors in peasants' calculation of whether to become bandits or not, such as the government's ability to punish bandits. [11] Banditry was especially pervasive in the southern provinces (most notably Guangdong and Fujian) and the second half of the dynasty (1506-1644). Hobsbawm distinguished bandits from gangs drawn from the professional underworld and from communities for whom raiding was a normal way of life (such as the Bedouins). The extreme violence practiced by bandits against peasants in many contemporary accounts has been interpreted in two ways: as expressive or as instrumental. Corsairs were essentially privateers, although the term corsair carried an added religious connotation because the conflict was between Muslim and Christian powers. "Bandits and the State: Robbers and the Authorities in the Holy Roman Empire in the Late Seventeenth Century." . [14], Ming historian David M. Robinson identifies some prominent causes of banditry in the Capital Region. If youre not sure, you can usually refer to a large collection of a bug species as a swarm (for large groups of flying insects) or colony. Literary romanticization of bandits was pronounced during the formation of nation-states and was often coupled with the desire of the urban literati to discover sources of opposition (often to foreign rule) in the countryside. Conversely, there are "contemporary bandits" involved in protection rackets, common robberies, murder, and other crimes. History Workshop 33 (1992): 124. . The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age ofPhilip II. The Region was agriculturally disadvantaged due to constant flood, and thus the peasants often lived in poverty. A person who engages in banditry is known as a bandit and primarily commits crimes such as extortion, robbery, and murder, either as an individual or in groups. As a category of social behavior, banditry employs specific displays of violence to generate terror for personal ends. A trader who worked for Queen Philippa of Hainault, the wife of Edward III, was holding some jewels on her behalf in his house in London. Enter the length or pattern for better results. Comparative Studies in Society and History 14 (1972): 494503. Inchiesta in Sicilia. Blok, Anton. [24] Another important skill was horsemanship, especially in the Northern Capital Region, where mounted banditry concentrated. On both sides, the struggle was waged with both conventional navies and state-sanctioned sea bandits called corsairs. The term cow puncher or "puncher" is more commonly used in the southwest. And with that comes plenty of collective nouns for each of those exoskeletal creatures, from armies to clouds. International Society for Civil Liberties and Rule of Law, a non-governmental organisation, has called on democratic forces in the country to urgently rescue Peasant idealization of bandits was also variable and a function of their subsequent political evolution. kangaroos, lemurs, lions and whales illustrations with animal group names, Guzaliia Filimonova / iStock / Getty Images Plus / via Getty created by YourDictionary, geese, owls, parrots and swans illustrations with animal group names, ants, bees, flies and spiders illustration with animal group names, SENRYU / iStock / Getty Images Plus / via Getty created by YourDictionary. (April 27, 2023). Nobody likes a know-it-all, especially when youre not actually 100% right. And "La Carambada," a female bandit who dressed in male clothing, robbed travelers in Quertaro, Mexico, during the mid-nineteenth century.