Chaiken, J., M. Lawless, and K. Stevenson (1974). Works, Lancashire Constabulary, 2004, Sex (by special unit and patrol officers); short-term undercover work and buy-busts; reverse stings; vehicle seizures; use of confidential informants; code enforcement; neighborhood cleanups; demolition of abandoned buildings; heavy media coverage; visible response to every citizen complaint; encouragement of anonymous complaints, with promises to protect complainants' identities; mobile booking stations to speed up arrests; parked marked units in middle of drug markets; uniformed patrol through the markets; removal of shade covering dealers; use of expedited nuisance abatement procedures; provision of police beeper numbers to citizens so they could feel more assured of anonymity; confiscation of stashed drugs from citizen tips; arrests for loitering for the purpose of drug dealing (and conspicuously posted warning signs); trespass authority arrests, Yes, visible drug dealing declined significantly, but the study was unable to determine which particular tactics were the most effective; there was some evidence of declines in overall crimes, calls for service, and drug-related homicides, No, evidence of high level of community support from both majority and minority communities, High-volume arrests for drug dealing and other offenses, No, but there was some evidence that the overall crime rate declined, and the study concluded that local drug crackdowns were worthwhile, 100 officers conducted buy-busts; checkpoints established; door-to-door searches of residences; media publicity; neighborhood cleanups; code enforcement, No, there were no significant reductions in overall crime, calls for service, or drug-related crime, Intensive drug enforcement through high- visibility patrol (stopping, questioning, and frisking motorists, bicyclists, and pedestrians); buy-busts (targeted in hot spots); crack house raids; compared with door-to-door interviews with residents to discuss drug problems and a drug hotline, Mixed results: there was some positive effect on violent crimes but not on burglary and robbery; there were positive effects on citizen perceptions of safety, drug dealing, and police services, Yes, evidence of spatial displacement, but police shifted crackdown to new areas, Surveillance; informants; informant buys; buy-busts; anonymous drug tip line, No, there was some evidence of suppression of the heroin market in one location, but the overall effect on markets and crime was limited, Yes, some evidence drug buyers easily shifted to drug market in nearby city, Four to six narcotics officers surveilled known drug-dealing locations, questioned buyers and sellers, made arrests for possession, used informants for buy-bust arrests, and executed search warrants on drug houses; hotline for anonymous tips was established and publicized, Yes, there was a significant decrease in the volume and flagrancy of the retail heroin market; there was some evidence that heroin use declined; there was an 85% increase in the demand for drug treatment; reported robberies declined by 18.5%, burglaries by 37.5%, and crimes against the person by 66%, Unknown if there was displacement to other types of drugs; one year after the crackdown, burglaries stayed down and robberies continued to decline, No, high citizen satisfaction with results, The study acknowledges some success in disrupting street drug markets, but it focused more on the negative consequences of crackdowns, Yes, some spatial displacement to indoor locations and other neighbor-hoods, Street drug markets (heroin, crack, marijuana), Street drug markets (powder cocaine and Dilaudid), Intensive drug enforcement (buy-busts, reverse buys, vehicle forfeiture, media coverage of arrests), compared with two other responses: door-to-door surveys of residents about drug problems, and establishment of police substation, Mixed results: there was no measurable reduction in drug trafficking, but there were positive effects on citizen perceptions of police and crime problems; there were some measurable crime reductions, Street-level drug enforcement (undercover drug buys, search warrants, buy-busts, reverse stings, surveillance arrests, vehicle safety checks), followed by community revitalization, There was some evidence of effectiveness; there was a dramatic decrease in drive-by shootings; the study concludes that geo-graphically contained areas are more favorable for crackdowns, Intensive enforcement against prostitutes, clients, pimps, and brothel operators, combined with road closures, Yes, prostitution and serious crime declined significantly; the sense of public safety increased; crime reporting rates increased, No, actually improved police-community relations, Intensive enforcement of low-level offenses by patrol officers, combined with sanctions of the Midtown Community Court, Yes, the incidence and prevalence of street prostitution significantly declined; some stroll areas disappeared almost entirely; there was little evidence that many prostitutes quit the trade, however, Yes, evidence of spatial displacement to outer boroughs; evidence of target, method (prostitutes switched from walking to driving around), and temporal displacement, Variety of responses in a problem-oriented policing project, including arrests of prostitutes, Yes, there was a significant reduction in the number of street prostitutes and prostitution-related robberies, Intensive traffic enforcement (compared with normal and below- normal levels), Variety of responses (28 different ones); aggressive order maintenance, Some spatial displacement of property crimes, but most crimes and calls for service not displaced. Crime Reduction Plan 91G Squad, Phoenix Police Department, 1996, Operation 0000049135 00000 n This is accomplished primarily at group meetings known as "call ins" or "forums," attended by representatives of the working group and the particular gang members and young people. Zero tolerance, often associated with the broken windows thesis,2 implies that police suspend the level of discretion they would ordinarily use in their enforcement decisions in favor of strictly enforcing the law for all or selected offenses. Safe Streets Clean Sweep (SSCS), Reduction You may order free bound copies in any of three ways: Online: Department of Justice COPS Response Center. Washington , D.C. : Police Executive Research Forum. D 12. 37 A broader problem-oriented approach showed considerable success in reducing prostitution-related robberies.38 Drug crackdowns can help reduce robbery where users rob to finance their purchases.39. ), Crime Mapping Case Studies: Successes in the Field, Vol. 0000005432 00000 n "Assessment of a Concentrated, High-Profile Operation: No Discernible Impact on Drug Availability, Price, or Purity." Police reasoned that if that group disappeared, the bingers and partyers would have to look elsewhere. reduce the number of drug-related street crimes (especially crimes committed to get cash for drugs), improve the quality of life in the target area, and. Aggressive You may need to make special efforts to inform potential offenders about the heightened risks of apprehension: do not assume they obtain or process information about police activity in the same way as the general public might. However, this longer-term solution falls outside the usual bounds of developmental project funding. They spread the word that dealers were ripping off buyers. Target Anti-Crime Response Team, Broward County Sheriff's Department, 2002, Street Modern Policing and the Control of Illegal Drugs: Testing New Strategies in Two American Cities. Butterfield 1996; Witkin 1997). To some extent, the perception of risk is more important than the actual risk. Clean Sweep, Georgia State University Police Department, 2008, Operation Responses other than just crackdowns are often recommended. Justice Quarterly 18(20):365-391. For further information about establishing repeat offender programs, see Spelman (1990). Without proper planning and supervision, crackdowns hold the potential for abuse of police authority. Nevertheless, the approach undoubtedly has the potential to work, although in this instance the consolidation served only to prolong the impact of the initial crackdown, rather than offer a sustainable solution. ), Evaluating Gun Violence: Effects on Crime and Violence. The discussion considers the background to this project, the history of the method and how it was applied in this instance. Evaluations of police operations are always complicated. Aggressive Cars and Trucks (TACT), West LA Reducing burglary by crackdown and consolidation. Cambridge , Mass. Program Profile: Operation Ceasefire (Boston, Mass.) Program Profile: Operation Ceasefire (Boston, Mass.) Connecting gang members and young people to employment opportunities: Each city will strengthen its capacity to place the gang members and young people identified as most likely to commit gun violence in quality employment opportunities. 1999. Safe Streets Clean Sweep (SSCS), Metro-Dade Police Department (Metro-Dade, The Effects of "Pulling Levers" Focused Deterrence Strategies on Crime In L. Hoover, ed. Closing the Market: Controlling the Drug Trade in Tampa , Fla . Ideally, crackdowns, especially on certain kinds of drug markets, will have a snowball effect. Moving prostitution indoors is a form of displacement, but it is generally preferable to the problems street prostitution causes. At times, these elements can work against one another. (Bolton, UK), 2004, The Martin What is a ceasefire? What are the pros and cons of President - Quora A key aspect of focused deterrence is ongoing support and monitoring of at-risk individuals from the community, beyond the influence of law enforcement and social services. In particular, the aim of the program was to crack down on known burglary recidivists, and then consolidate any gains by engaging the local community and implementing various prevention measures. [Full text]. While the crackdown achieves its objective of reducing the visible aspects of the street drug scene, the market rapidly adapts to its new conditions. Many of the most important things you would want to measure are difficult to measure accurately, such as actual victimizations (as opposed to only those reported), unwitnessed violations, and police officers' discretionary actions. In this experiment, the levels of uniformed patrols were varied to test their relative effect on reported crime and citizen perceptions, but patrol officers were not instructed to take any special enforcement actions (Kelling, et al. Exactly how much more intensive and extensive police action is required varies from problem to problem, but it must be sufficiently greater than normal to alter offenders' perceptions of risk. [Full text], --- (1988). 59 (However, the effect of drunken-driving crackdowns on crashes is typically short-lived.60) They should be clearly focused, intensive, and well-publicized.61 Drunken-driving crackdowns have the advantage over other crackdowns in that they target potential offenders who are likely to pay attention to media publicity about the crackdowns.62, Most studies and practice have demonstrated that crackdowns can disrupt local drug markets, but for the most part, only in the short term.63 Drug crackdowns are specifically intended to. Drug enforcement crackdowns that reduce overall drug use will also reduce the need for cash to buy drugs, and thereby provide the added benefit of reducing some of the need to commit crimes to get cash. The key is to be aware of the various possibilities for displacement, develop intelligence systems that inform you how the problem is shifting, and counteract it if possible. "The Connecticut Crackdown on Speeding: Time-Series Data in Quasi-Experimental Analysis."